# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016 Tony DiCola for Adafruit Industries # # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT """ `Adafruit_PureIO.smbus` ================================================================================ Pure python (i.e. no native extensions) access to Linux IO I2C interface that mimics the Python SMBus API. * Author(s): Tony DiCola, Lady Ada, Melissa LeBlanc-Williams Implementation Notes -------------------- **Software and Dependencies:** * Linux and Python 3.5 or Higher """ from ctypes import c_uint8, c_uint16, c_uint32, cast, pointer, POINTER from ctypes import create_string_buffer, Structure from fcntl import ioctl import struct # pylint: disable=fixme # I2C C API constants (from linux kernel headers) I2C_M_TEN = 0x0010 # this is a ten bit chip address I2C_M_RD = 0x0001 # read data, from slave to master I2C_M_STOP = 0x8000 # if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING I2C_M_NOSTART = 0x4000 # if I2C_FUNC_NOSTART I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR = 0x2000 # if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK = 0x1000 # if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK = 0x0800 # if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING I2C_M_RECV_LEN = 0x0400 # length will be first received byte I2C_SLAVE = 0x0703 # Use this slave address I2C_SLAVE_FORCE = 0x0706 # Use this slave address, even if # is already in use by a driver! I2C_TENBIT = 0x0704 # 0 for 7 bit addrs, != 0 for 10 bit I2C_FUNCS = 0x0705 # Get the adapter functionality mask I2C_RDWR = 0x0707 # Combined R/W transfer (one STOP only) I2C_PEC = 0x0708 # != 0 to use PEC with SMBus I2C_SMBUS = 0x0720 # SMBus transfer # ctypes versions of I2C structs defined by kernel. # Tone down pylint for the Python classes that mirror C structs. # pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-few-public-methods class i2c_msg(Structure): """Linux i2c_msg struct.""" _fields_ = [ ("addr", c_uint16), ("flags", c_uint16), ("len", c_uint16), ("buf", POINTER(c_uint8)), ] class i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data(Structure): # pylint: disable=invalid-name """Linux i2c data struct.""" _fields_ = [("msgs", POINTER(i2c_msg)), ("nmsgs", c_uint32)] # pylint: enable=invalid-name,too-few-public-methods # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init def make_i2c_rdwr_data(messages): """Utility function to create and return an i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data structure populated with a list of specified I2C messages. The messages parameter should be a list of tuples which represent the individual I2C messages to send in this transaction. Tuples should contain 4 elements: address value, flags value, buffer length, ctypes c_uint8 pointer to buffer. """ # Create message array and populate with provided data. msg_data_type = i2c_msg * len(messages) msg_data = msg_data_type() for i, message in enumerate(messages): msg_data[i].addr = message[0] & 0x7F msg_data[i].flags = message[1] msg_data[i].len = message[2] msg_data[i].buf = message[3] # Now build the data structure. data = i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data() data.msgs = msg_data data.nmsgs = len(messages) return data # pylint: enable=attribute-defined-outside-init # Create an interface that mimics the Python SMBus API. class SMBus: """I2C interface that mimics the Python SMBus API but is implemented with pure Python calls to ioctl and direct /dev/i2c device access. """ def __init__(self, bus=None): """Create a new smbus instance. Bus is an optional parameter that specifies the I2C bus number to use, for example 1 would use device /dev/i2c-1. If bus is not specified then the open function should be called to open the bus. """ self._device = None if bus is not None: self.open(bus) def __del__(self): """Clean up any resources used by the SMBus instance.""" self.close() def __enter__(self): """Context manager enter function.""" # Just return this object so it can be used in a with statement, like # with SMBus(1) as bus: # # do stuff! return self def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): """Context manager exit function, ensures resources are cleaned up.""" self.close() return False # Don't suppress exceptions. def open(self, bus): """Open the smbus interface on the specified bus.""" # Close the device if it's already open. if self._device is not None: self.close() # Try to open the file for the specified bus. Must turn off buffering # or else Python 3 fails (see: https://bugs.python.org/issue20074) # pylint: disable=consider-using-with self._device = open(f"/dev/i2c-{bus}", "r+b", buffering=0) # pylint: enable=consider-using-with # TODO: Catch IOError and throw a better error message that describes # what's wrong (i.e. I2C may not be enabled or the bus doesn't exist). def close(self): """Close the smbus connection. You cannot make any other function calls on the bus unless open is called!""" if self._device is not None: self._device.close() self._device = None def _select_device(self, addr): """Set the address of the device to communicate with on the I2C bus.""" ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_SLAVE, addr & 0x7F) def read_byte(self, addr): """Read a single byte from the specified device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" self._select_device(addr) return ord(self._device.read(1)) def read_bytes(self, addr, number): """Read many bytes from the specified device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" self._select_device(addr) return self._device.read(number) def read_byte_data(self, addr, cmd): """Read a single byte from the specified cmd register of the device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Build ctypes values to marshall between ioctl and Python. reg = c_uint8(cmd) result = c_uint8() # Build ioctl request. request = make_i2c_rdwr_data( [ (addr, 0, 1, pointer(reg)), # Write cmd register. (addr, I2C_M_RD, 1, pointer(result)), # Read 1 byte as result. ] ) # Make ioctl call and return result data. ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_RDWR, request) return result.value def read_word_data(self, addr, cmd): """Read a word (2 bytes) from the specified cmd register of the device. Note that this will interpret data using the endianness of the processor running Python (typically little endian)! """ assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Build ctypes values to marshall between ioctl and Python. reg = c_uint8(cmd) result = c_uint16() # Build ioctl request. request = make_i2c_rdwr_data( [ (addr, 0, 1, pointer(reg)), # Write cmd register. ( addr, I2C_M_RD, 2, cast(pointer(result), POINTER(c_uint8)), ), # Read word (2 bytes). ] ) # Make ioctl call and return result data. ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_RDWR, request) return result.value def read_block_data(self, addr, cmd): """Perform a block read from the specified cmd register of the device. The amount of data read is determined by the first byte send back by the device. Data is returned as a bytearray. """ # TODO: Unfortunately this will require calling the low level I2C # access ioctl to trigger a proper read_block_data. The amount of data # returned isn't known until the device starts responding so an I2C_RDWR # ioctl won't work. raise NotImplementedError() def read_i2c_block_data(self, addr, cmd, length=32): """Perform a read from the specified cmd register of device. Length number of bytes (default of 32) will be read and returned as a bytearray. """ assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Build ctypes values to marshall between ioctl and Python. # convert register into bytearray if not isinstance(cmd, (bytes, bytearray)): reg = cmd # backup cmd = bytearray(1) cmd[0] = reg cmdstring = create_string_buffer(len(cmd)) for i, val in enumerate(cmd): cmdstring[i] = val result = create_string_buffer(length) # Build ioctl request. request = make_i2c_rdwr_data( [ ( addr, 0, len(cmd), cast(cmdstring, POINTER(c_uint8)), ), # Write cmd register. (addr, I2C_M_RD, length, cast(result, POINTER(c_uint8))), # Read data. ] ) # Make ioctl call and return result data. ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_RDWR, request) return bytearray( result.raw ) # Use .raw instead of .value which will stop at a null byte! def write_quick(self, addr): """Write a single byte to the specified device.""" # What a strange function, from the python-smbus source this appears to # just write a single byte that initiates a write to the specified device # address (but writes no data!). The functionality is duplicated below # but the actual use case for this is unknown. assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Build ioctl request. request = make_i2c_rdwr_data( [ (addr, 0, 0, None), ] ) # Write with no data. # Make ioctl call and return result data. ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_RDWR, request) def write_byte(self, addr, val): """Write a single byte to the specified device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" self._select_device(addr) data = bytearray(1) data[0] = val & 0xFF self._device.write(data) def write_bytes(self, addr, buf): """Write many bytes to the specified device. buf is a bytearray""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" self._select_device(addr) self._device.write(buf) def write_byte_data(self, addr, cmd, val): """Write a byte of data to the specified cmd register of the device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Construct a string of data to send with the command register and byte value. data = bytearray(2) data[0] = cmd & 0xFF data[1] = val & 0xFF # Send the data to the device. self._select_device(addr) self._device.write(data) def write_word_data(self, addr, cmd, val): """Write a word (2 bytes) of data to the specified cmd register of the device. Note that this will write the data in the endianness of the processor running Python (typically little endian)! """ assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Construct a string of data to send with the command register and word value. data = struct.pack("=BH", cmd & 0xFF, val & 0xFFFF) # Send the data to the device. self._select_device(addr) self._device.write(data) def write_block_data(self, addr, cmd, vals): """Write a block of data to the specified cmd register of the device. The amount of data to write should be the first byte inside the vals string/bytearray and that count of bytes of data to write should follow it. """ # Just use the I2C block data write to write the provided values and # their length as the first byte. data = bytearray(len(vals) + 1) data[0] = len(vals) & 0xFF data[1:] = vals[0:] self.write_i2c_block_data(addr, cmd, data) def write_i2c_block_data(self, addr, cmd, vals): """Write a buffer of data to the specified cmd register of the device.""" assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Construct a string of data to send, including room for the command register. data = bytearray(len(vals) + 1) data[0] = cmd & 0xFF # Command register at the start. data[1:] = vals[0:] # Copy in the block data (ugly but necessary to ensure # the entire write happens in one transaction). # Send the data to the device. self._select_device(addr) self._device.write(data) def process_call(self, addr, cmd, val): """Perform a smbus process call by writing a word (2 byte) value to the specified register of the device, and then reading a word of response data (which is returned). """ assert ( self._device is not None ), "Bus must be opened before operations are made against it!" # Build ctypes values to marshall between ioctl and Python. data = create_string_buffer(struct.pack("=BH", cmd, val)) result = c_uint16() # Build ioctl request. request = make_i2c_rdwr_data( [ (addr, 0, 3, cast(pointer(data), POINTER(c_uint8))), # Write data. ( addr, I2C_M_RD, 2, cast(pointer(result), POINTER(c_uint8)), ), # Read word (2 bytes). ] ) # Make ioctl call and return result data. ioctl(self._device.fileno(), I2C_RDWR, request) # Note the python-smbus code appears to have a rather serious bug and # does not return the result value! This is fixed below by returning it. return result.value